| 1<\/td> | States of Matter<\/td> | Measurement: Physical quantities and SI units, Dimensional analysis, Precision, Significant figures.Chemical Reactions: Laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory, Mole concept, Atomic\/molecular\/molar masses, Percentage composition, empirical and molecular formula, Balanced chemical equations & stoichiometry.Three states of matter: Gaseous state, Liquid state, and Solid state.Gas Laws: Kinetic energy, molecular speeds, Ideal gas equation, Deviation from ideal behavior, Critical temperature, Liquefaction of gases, Van der Waals equation.Liquid state: Vapour pressure, surface tension, viscositySolid State: Space lattices, crystal systems, unit cell calculation, packing, imperfections, electrical and magnetic properties, band theory of metals, semiconductors.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 2<\/td> | Atomic Structure<\/td> | Introduction: Atomic number, isotopes, isobars, Thomson\u2019s model, Rutherford\u2019s atomic model, Bohr\u2019s model, and its limitations.Quantum Mechanics: Wave-particle duality, de Broglie\u2019s relation, Heisenberg\u2019s Uncertainty principle.Hydrogen Atom: Quantum numbers, wave functions, atomic orbitals (s, p, d), Spin quantum number.Many-electron atoms: Pauli exclusion principle, Aufbau principle, Hund\u2019s rule.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 3<\/td> | Periodicity and Bonding<\/td> | Periodic Table: Development, periodic law, ionization energy, atomic and ionic radii, electron affinity, electronegativity, valency.Types of Elements: s, p, d, and f block elements.Ionic Bonding: Lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle.Covalent Bonding: Hybridization, molecular orbital theory, bond order, VSEPR model, resonance, dipole moment, hydrogen bonding.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 4<\/td> | Thermodynamics<\/td> | Basic Concepts: State functions, Intensive and Extensive properties, Zeroth law of thermodynamics.First Law: Work, internal energy, enthalpy, heat capacities, specific heats, Thermochemistry, Hess\u2019s Law.Second Law: Spontaneous processes, entropy, Gibbs free energy.Third Law: Introduction to absolute zero of entropy.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 5<\/td> | Chemical and Physical Equilibria<\/td> | Concentration Units: Mole fraction, Molarity, Molality.Solutions: Solubility, vapor pressure, Raoult\u2019s law, depression in freezing point, elevation in boiling point, osmotic pressure.Chemical Equilibrium: Law of mass action, Le-Chatelier\u2019s principle, equilibrium constants (Kp, Kc), factors affecting equilibrium.Ionic Equilibria: Strong and weak electrolytes, Acid-base theory (Arrhenius, Bronsted, Lewis), pH, buffer solutions, Henderson equation, Acid-base titrations, Hydrolysis.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 6<\/td> | Electrochemistry<\/td> | Redox Reactions: Oxidation-reduction, balancing of reactions, electrochemical cells, standard electrode potentials, EMF of Galvanic cells, Nernst equation.Electrolytic Conduction: Electrolysis, Faraday\u2019s laws, specific and molar conductivities, Kolhrausch\u2019s Law, electrode potential.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 7<\/td> | Chemical Kinetics<\/td> | Rate of Reactions: Rate constant, order and molecularity, Integrated rate expressions for zero and first-order reactions.Factors Affecting Rate: Concentration, temperature, catalysts, collision theory, activation energy, Arrhenius equation.Surface Chemistry: Adsorption, catalysis, colloidal systems, emulsions.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 8<\/td> | Hydrogen and s-block Elements<\/td> | Hydrogen: Isotopes, preparation, properties, molecular hydrides, water, heavy water, hydrogen peroxide.s-block elements: Abundance and occurrence; Anomalous properties of the first elements in each group; diagonal relationships; trends in the variation of properties (ionization energy, atomic & ionic radii). Alkali Metals (Group 1): Lithium, sodium, potassium properties, reactions with water, oxygen, halogens, compounds like NaCl, NaOH, KOH.Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2): Magnesium, calcium properties, reactions with water, oxygen, halogens, compounds like MgSO4, CaCO3.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 9<\/td> | p, d, f-block Elements<\/td> | p-block Elements (Group 13-18): Properties and trends in chemical reactivity, compounds of Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Halogens, Noble gases.Transition Metals: Properties, reactivity, and uses of first-row transition metals, color, magnetism, alloys, and their industrial applications.Lanthanides and Actinides: Lanthanide contraction, oxidation states, chemical reactivity, comparison with actinides.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 10<\/td> | Organic Chemistry<\/td> | Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Aromatic hydrocarbons, isomerism, reactions, and mechanisms.Reactions in Organic Chemistry: Nucleophilic substitution, free radical reactions, electrophilic addition, Markovnikov\u2019s rule.Functional Groups: Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amines, esters, ethers, and their properties, reactions, and applications.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 12<\/td> | Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Nitrogen<\/td> | Alcohols, Phenols & Ethers: Nomenclature, preparation, physical and chemical properties, applications.Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids: Functional group chemistry, reactions, and their applications.Amines & Nitrogen Compounds: Reactions of amines, diazonium salts, cyanides, and isocyanides.<\/td><\/tr> |
| 13<\/td> | Biological, Industrial and Environmental Chemistry<\/td> | Carbohydrates: Classification of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides (glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose).Proteins & Nucleic Acids: Structure, amino acids, peptide bond, primary and secondary structure, DNA, RNA.Polymers: Biopolymers, natural and synthetic polymers, polymerization methods, vulcanization, rubber.Pollution: Environmental pollutants, air, soil, and water pollution, green chemistry principles, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion.<\/td><\/tr> |
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