{"id":6395,"date":"2021-03-08T15:25:11","date_gmt":"2021-03-08T15:25:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/?p=6395"},"modified":"2022-02-13T23:50:22","modified_gmt":"2022-02-13T18:20:22","slug":"iran-nuclear-deal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/iran-nuclear-deal\/","title":{"rendered":"Iran Nuclear Deal"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Iran nuclear agreement, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), is a<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">landmark accord reached between Iran and several world powers, including the United States, in July 2015.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Under its terms, Iran agreed to dismantle much of its nuclear program and open its facilities to more<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">extensive international inspections in exchange for billions of dollars\u2019 worth of sanctions relief.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the deal has been in jeopardy since President Donald J. Trump withdrew the United States from<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">it in 2018. In retaliation for the U.S. departure and for deadly attacks on prominent Iranians in 2020,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">including one by the United States, Iran has resumed some of its nuclear activities. President Joe Biden has<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">said the United States will return to the deal if Iran comes back into compliance, but analysts say that<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">renewed diplomacy would have to overcome major political hurdles. And a revival of Iran\u2019s nuclear<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">weapons program would dramatically escalate tensions in the Middle East, they say, raising the prospects<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">for conflict between Iran and its regional rivals, including Israel and Saudi Arabia.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Who are the participants?<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The JCPOA, which went into effect in January 2016, imposes restrictions on Iran\u2019s civilian nuclear<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enrichment program. At the heart of negotiations with Iran were the five permanent members of the UN<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Security Council (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Germany\u2014collectively known as the P5+1. The European Union also took part.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some Middle Eastern powers, such as Saudi Arabia, said they should have been consulted or included in<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the talks because they would be most affected by a nuclear-armed Iran. Israel explicitly opposed the<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agreement, calling it too lenient.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7740 \" src=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-16-at-4.09.20-PM-1.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"524\" height=\"99\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-16-at-4.09.20-PM-1.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-16-at-4.09.20-PM-1-300x57.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-16-at-4.09.20-PM-1-1024x194.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-16-at-4.09.20-PM-1-768x145.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-16-at-4.09.20-PM-1-640x121.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-16-at-4.09.20-PM-1-681x129.jpeg 681w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Does it prevent Iran from getting nuclear weapons?<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many experts say that if all parties adhered to their pledges, the deal almost certainly could have achieved<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that goal for longer than a decade. Many of the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JCPOA\u2019s restrictions <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">on Iran\u2019s nuclear program have<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">expiration dates. For example, after ten years (from January 2016), centrifuge restrictions will be lifted,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and after fifteen years, so too will limits on the amount of low-enriched uranium Iran can possess. Some of<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the deal\u2019s opponents faulted these so-called sunset provisions, saying they would only delay Iran building a<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> b<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">omb while sanctions relief would allow it to underwrite terrorism in the region.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>What did Iran agree to?<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">N<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">uclear restrictions. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iran agreed not to produce either the highly enriched uranium or the plutonium that<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">could be used in a nuclear weapon. It also took steps to ensure that its Fordow, Natanz, and Arak facilities<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ursued only civilian work, including medical and industrial research.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">M<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">onitoring and verification<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iran agreed to eventually implement a protocol that would allow inspectors<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations\u2019 nuclear watchdog, unfettered<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">access to its nuclear facilities and potentially to undeclared sites. Inspections are intended to guard against<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the possibility that Iran could develop nuclear arms in secret, as it has allegedly <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">attempted before<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IAEA has <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">issued quarterly reports <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to its board of governors and the UN Security Council on Iran\u2019s<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">implementation of its nuclear commitments.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>What did the other signatories agree to?<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sanctions relief. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The EU, United Nations, and United States all committed to lifting their nuclear-related<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sanctions on Iran. However, many <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">other U.S. sanctions <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">on Iran, some dating back to the 1979 hostage<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">crisis, remained in effect. They cover matters such as Iran\u2019s ballistic missile program, support for terrorist<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">groups, and human rights abuses. Though the United States committed to lifting its sanctions on oil<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exports, it kept<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">restrictions on financial transactions<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which have deterred international trade with Iran.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Weapons embargo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The parties agreed to lift an <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">existing UN ban<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[PDF] on Iran\u2019s transfer of conventional<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">weapons and ballistic missiles after five years if the IAEA certifies that Iran is only engaged in civilian<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nuclear activity.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>How is the Iran deal enforced?<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If any signatory suspects Iran is violating the deal, the UN Security Council may vote on whether to<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">continue sanctions relief. This \u201csnapback\u201d mechanism remains in effect for ten years, after which the UN<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sanctions are set to be permanently removed.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In April 2020, the United States announced its intention to snap back sanctions. The other P5 members<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">objected to the move<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, saying the United States could not unilaterally implement the mechanism because it<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">left the nuclear deal in 2018.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Did Iran comply initially?<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The agreement got off to a fairly smooth start. The IAEA certified in early 2016 that Iran had met its<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reliminary pledges; and the United States, EU, and United Nations responded by <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">repealing or suspending<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">their sanctions<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Most significantly, U.S. President Barack Obama\u2019s administration dropped secondary<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sanctions on the oil sector, which allowed Iran to ramp up its oil exports to <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nearly the level <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">it was prior to<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sanctions. The United States and many European nations also unfroze about $100 billion worth of frozen<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iranian assets.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the deal has been near collapse since President Trump withdrew the United States from it in<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2018 and reinstated devastating banking and oil sanctions. Trump said the agreement failed to address<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iran\u2019s ballistic missile program and its proxy warfare in the region, and he claimed that the sunset<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">rovisions would enable Iran to pursue nuclear weapons in the future.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following the U.S. withdrawal, several countries\u2014U.S. allies among them\u2014continued to import Iranian<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">oil under waivers granted by the Trump administration, and Iran continued to abide by its commitments.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But a year later, the United States ended the waivers with the aim of halting Iran\u2019s oil exports completely.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>What is Iran\u2019s current nuclear activity?<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In response to the other parties\u2019 actions, which Tehran claimed amounted to breaches of the deal, Iran<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">started breaching the contract.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>How has the deal affected Iran\u2019s economy?<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prior to the JCPOA, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iran\u2019s economy suffered <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">years of recession, currency depreciation, and inflation,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">largely because of sanctions on its energy sector. With the sanctions lifted, inflation slowed, exchange rates<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stabilized, and exports\u2014especially of oil, agricultural goods, and luxury items\u2014skyrocketed as Iran<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">regained trading partners, particularly in the EU. After the JCPOA took effect, Iran began exporting more<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">than 2.1 million barrels per day (approaching pre-2012 levels, when the oil sanctions were originally put in<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lace). However, these improvements did not translate to a significant increase in the average Iranian<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">household\u2019s budget.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The end of sanctions waivers on oil exports and the restoration of U.S. sanctions in 2018 has once again<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cut deeply into a vital source of national revenue: oil and petroleum products account for <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">80 percent <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">[PDF]<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of Iran\u2019s exports.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>What is the outlook for the agreement?<\/b><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The fate of the Iran nuclear deal remains uncertain. Biden has said the United States <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">will rejoin the<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">agreement <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">if Iran returns to compliance, but that he also wants to negotiate a successor agreement to<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">address Iran\u2019s other activities, such as its missile program.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iran has called for the United States to return to the deal but has said it is not willing to discuss expanding<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the accord further. Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">told CFR <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in September 2020 that Iran will<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cabsolutely not\u201d renegotiate and that the United States should compensate Iran for damages caused by<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sanctions, which he says <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">amount to $1 trillion<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the prospects for new negotiations could dim come June 2021, when Iran is set to elect a new<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> p<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">resident. Many analysts say a conservative, hard-line candidate will likely replace President Rouhani,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">whose popularity has plummeted with the unraveling of the nuclear deal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>To structure your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/cat-online-coaching\">CAT online preparation<\/a>\u00a0in an efficient way consider joining iQuanta which is a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/test\/iconcept\">top online cat coaching<\/a>\u00a0institute and being a part of the iQuanta CAT 22 Course.<br \/>\nYou can also check out and be a part of their\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/Rockthecat\">Facebook group<\/a>\u00a0for peer learning, doubt solving and free material.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-7711 td-animation-stack-type0-2\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-14-at-6.21.58-PM-300x57.jpeg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-14-at-6.21.58-PM-300x57.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-14-at-6.21.58-PM-1024x194.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-14-at-6.21.58-PM-768x145.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-14-at-6.21.58-PM-640x121.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-14-at-6.21.58-PM-681x129.jpeg 681w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-14-at-6.21.58-PM.jpeg 1280w\" alt=\"\" width=\"384\" height=\"73\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>For 24*7 doubts-solving, FREE guidance and counselling and peer to peer learning, join the CAT preparation Fb group below:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.facebook.com\/groups\/Rockthecat\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8002 td-animation-stack-type0-2\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-20-at-5.05.31-PM.jpeg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-20-at-5.05.31-PM.jpeg 1280w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-20-at-5.05.31-PM-300x57.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-20-at-5.05.31-PM-1024x194.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-20-at-5.05.31-PM-768x145.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-20-at-5.05.31-PM-640x121.jpeg 640w, https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/WhatsApp-Image-2021-12-20-at-5.05.31-PM-681x129.jpeg 681w\" alt=\"CAT preparation Fb group\" width=\"400\" height=\"76\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Iran nuclear agreement, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), is a landmark accord reached between Iran and several world powers, including the United States, in July 2015. Under its terms, Iran agreed to dismantle much of its nuclear program and open its facilities to more extensive international inspections in exchange [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6475,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[367],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.4 (Yoast SEO v21.9.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Iran Nuclear Deal - iQuanta<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.iquanta.in\/blog\/iran-nuclear-deal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Iran Nuclear Deal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Iran nuclear agreement, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), is a landmark accord reached between Iran and several world powers, including the United States, in July 2015. 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