CLAT Mini Mock Series by iQuanta: 3rd January 2025

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Instructions: –

1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.

English Language

History, and not necessarily the sort that professional historians are doing, is widely popular these days, even in North America, where we have tended to look toward the future rather than the past. It can be partly explained by market forces. People are better educated and, particularly in the mature economies, have more leisure time and are retiring from work earlier. Not everyone wants to retire to a compound in the sun and ride adult tricycles for amusement. History can be helpful in making sense of the world we live in. It can also be fascinating, even fun. How can even the best novelist or playwright invent someone like Augustus Caesar or Catherine the Great, Galileo or Florence Nightingale? How can screenwriters create better action stories or human dramas than exist, thousand upon thousand, throughout the many centuries of recorded history? There is a thirst out there both for knowledge and to be entertained, and the market has responded with enthusiasm.

Museums and art galleries mount huge shows around historical characters like Peter the Great or on specific periods in history. Around the world, new museums open every year to commemorate moments, often grim ones, from the past. China has museums devoted to Japanese atrocities committed during World War II. Washington, Jerusalem, and Montreal have Holocaust museums. Television has channels devoted entirely to history (often, it must be said, showing a past that seems to be made up largely of battles and the biographies of generals); historic sites are wilting under the tramp of tourists; history movies–think of all the recent ones on Queen Elizabeth I alone–are making money; and the proliferation of popular histories shows that publishers have a good idea of where profits are to be made. Ken Burns’s documentaries, from the classic Civil War series to his one on World War II, are aired repeatedly. In Canada, Mark Starowicz’s People’s History drew millions of viewers. The Historica Minutes produced by the private foundation Historica, devoted to promoting Canadian history, are so popular among Canadian teenagers that they often do school projects where they make their own minutes. In the United Kingdom, David Starkey’s series on British monarchs have made him rich and as famous as the kings and queens themselves.

CLAT MMS English 3rd Jan 2025 - Master

Sections 23 and 24 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, delineate the boundaries of lawful and unlawful considerations within contractual agreements, thereby shaping the enforceability and validity of contracts. Section 23 defines what constitutes illegal consideration, while Section 24 explicitly renders contracts involving such considerations void. A contract is deemed to have an illegal consideration if it includes any element that is forbidden by law, or if its nature is such that, if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law. Additionally, considerations that are fraudulent, involve or imply injury to the person or property of another, or are deemed immoral or opposed to public policy by the Court, are also classified as illegal under Section 23.

The principle of public policy, although not exhaustively defined, encompasses several broad categories of agreements that are deemed contrary to the public good. Trading with an enemy nation, for instance, is opposed to public policy as it undermines national security and interests. Similarly, trafficking in public office, which involves the buying and selling of public positions, is considered a serious breach of public trust and integrity. Maintenance and champerty—wherein a third party supports litigation in exchange for a share of the proceeds—are also seen as contrary to public policy due to their potential to encourage frivolous or malicious lawsuits.

Marriage brokerage agreements, where a broker is paid for arranging a marriage, fall under the scope of immorality and public policy violations. Such agreements commodify marital relationships and undermine the sanctity and personal nature of marriage. Unconscionable bargains, characterized by terms that are excessively unfair or oppressive to one party, are likewise considered opposed to public policy because they exploit power imbalances and can lead to significant harm or injustice.

When a contract includes both legal and illegal considerations, the principle of severability comes into play. This principle aims to salvage the valid portions of the contract by severing the illegal parts, thereby allowing the contract to be partially enforced to the extent that it remains lawful. The doctrine of severability is applied to maximize the performance and enforceability of the contract while ensuring that the illegal components do not taint the entire agreement. Courts strive to uphold the portions of the contract that comply with legal standards and public policy, provided that the legal and illegal parts can be clearly separated.

However, in cases where the illegal consideration forms an inseparable part of the contract or where the illegal element taints the contract’s core purpose, the entire contract may be deemed void. The application of the severability principle is thus contingent on the ability to distinguish and separate the lawful elements from the unlawful ones without fundamentally altering the contract’s nature or intent.

In summary, Sections 23 and 24 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, provide a framework for identifying and dealing with illegal considerations within contracts. They highlight the importance of legality and public policy in contractual agreements, ensuring that contracts do not promote or condone illegal or immoral activities. The principle of severability serves as a remedial measure to uphold the lawful aspects of contracts while discarding the illegal components, thereby preserving the integrity and enforceability of contractual obligations to the extent possible within the bounds of law.

CLAT MMS Legal Reasoning 3rd Jan 2025

Also learn: CLAT Previous Year Question Papers

Logical Reasoning

The 6th Assembly of the International Solar Alliance (ISA), scheduled in New Delhi from October 30 to November 2, will be a confluence of leaders from 116 nations, presided over by RK Singh, Union Power and New & Renewable Energy Minister. This assembly will focus on enhancing energy security, facilitating energy transition, and expanding access to energy.

Key discussions at the assembly will revolve around the universalization of energy access through solar mini-grids, mobilizing finance for solar deployment, and diversifying solar energy supply chains and manufacturing. A high-level conference on November 1, 2023, will address climate change and solar energy deployment, marking a significant event in the assembly.

The ISA will release three flagship reports, highlighting advancements in solar technology, market trends, and investment patterns. The World Solar Technology Report 2023 emphasizes crystalline silicon technology’s dominance in the solar PV market, projected to constitute a significant portion of the renewable energy share by 2050. The World Solar Market Report 2023 provides a comprehensive analysis of the solar market’s evolution, noting a significant market expansion in 2022 and a shift in regional dynamics of solar adoption.

RK Singh emphasized ISA’s commitment to member countries, focusing on programmatic support, capacity-building, and regulatory understanding. He highlighted the ISA’s role in fostering investment-friendly environments and ensuring energy availability to meet global demands. The assembly aims to expedite the adoption of solar power, with a focus on decentralized solutions and green hydrogen.

India’s experience in renewable energy growth, particularly in solar energy, is highlighted as a model for reliability and dependability. Bhupinder Singh Bhalla, MNRE Secretary, noted the increase in countries ratifying the ISA Framework Agreement, emphasizing ISA’s objectives for global energy transition, national energy security, and local energy access.

Ajay Mathur, ISA Director General, pointed out the significant growth in clean energy investment, driven by solar and wind projects. He advocated for enhanced collaboration with international financial organizations and governments to boost investment in developing economies. In summary, the 6th Assembly of the ISA represents a pivotal step towards a sustainable and equitable energy future, with solar power playing a central role in the global energy landscape.

CLAT MMS Logical Reasoning 3rd Jan 2025

Quantitative Techniques

Mehta electronics deals in Air conditioners (ACs) of only three companies namely Samsung, LG and Lloyd. Each AC is of one of two types namely split and window. In January, total number of ACs sold by Mehta electronics was 198. The following information is also known about the number of ACs of different companies sold:

For Samsung: Number of windows ACs sold in February was 20% more than that in January. However, number of split ACs sold in February was 25% less than that in January.

For LG: Number of ACs sold in January was 1 more than that in February, even though number of windows ACs sold in February was 8 more than that in January.

For Lloyd: Number of windows ACs to number of split ACs, sold in January were in the ratio 7:8 and this ratio changed to 7:5, in February. Total number of ACs sold in February was 36 more than that in January.

Also,

  • Out of total number of windows ACs sold in February, ratio of number of Samsung, LG and Lloyd, window ACs, sold in February was 9:8:14, respectively.
  • In January, number of Lloyd ACs sold was equal to number of LG ACs sold. Number of Samsung ACs sold in January was 78.
CLAT MMS Quantitative Reasoning 3rd Jan 2025

General Knowledge

Scientists have just uncovered something gigantic about the geology of Earth. A massive reserve of water sitting some 700 kilometers under the crust of Earth was recently found. This equals three times more water than what exists on the surface of the planet, spread across the entire body. This invention came from the collective discoveries of researchers at Northwestern University, who employ state-of-the-art seismic analysis techniques to gain a better insight into Earth’s mantle. The team used data collected by more than 2,000 seismographs, where seismic waves generated from more than 500 earthquakes have been analyzed. They detected a remarkable decrease in the speed of seismic waves within certain depths and the phenomenon is indicative of the presence of water within the Earth’s interior. This forms the basis for a new view on the internal dynamics of our planet and geological processes.

All of this resonates with a fundamental blue mineral called ringwoodite, which is critical in forming the water storage system. Ringwoodite has a unique characteristic that enables it to absorb water within its crystal lattice, which in effect helps it store tremendous quantities of water in solid, compact form. This geologic significance of the mineral is not only a revelation but also such an indication that for millions of years, water might have had a close relationship with the Earth’s mantle, thus giving a different outlook in previous assumptions about the sources of the Earth’s oceans.

This finding has very important implications, above all regarding the Earth’s water cycle. It underlines the hypothesis that a large part of the Earth’s water originates from deep within Earth rather than only from comets and asteroids. Such a redefinition of sources of water implies that the deep reservoir is critical in the long-term stabilization of surface oceans; it impacts climate patterns and geological events across great time scales. The research group is looking forward to further studies by acquiring seismic data from all over the Earth. This would help to determine whether the presence of water in the mantle is a phenomenon that occurs throughout the planet. Further studies will be a stepping stone to increase our knowledge about Earth’s water cycle and its complex relationship between the interior and the surface. This extraordinary discovery has, in the long run, recast our geological history, opens up for scientists to look deeper into the Earth’s hidden world of the interior, and saliently conveys that there is a better need for more unveiling research on the geological processes on Earth. Explorations on the planet, therefore, might unveil even more of its geological changes and serve as a great chemistry in understanding the trends happening on Earth’s surface and subsurface environments.

CLAT MMS General Knowledge 3rd Jan