CLAT Mini Mock Series by iQuanta: 4th January 2025

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Instructions: –

1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.

English Language

Playing at the Olympics in itself is a great achievement for the athletes, and winning a medal is an inexpressible moment. This year, the joy of taking home a medal is doubled as the medals are made considering the environmental crisis. For the first time in history- gold, silver, and bronze Olympic and Paralympic medals are produced from recycled small electronic devices including cell phones. For the past two years, the Tokyo 2020 Medal Project collected 78,985 tons of electronic devices including 6.21 million cell phones from across Japan to produce the 5,000 Olympic medals. With the process of smelting, the gold, silver, and bronze elements of the devices were extracted from the electrical devices.

According to the official website of the Tokyo Games, it’s the first time in Olympic history that medals were made using recycled metal, and the first time that ordinary citizens have been involved in their production. The event’s name and logo are recycled as the organizers decided not to rebrand the 2020 Games that was postponed amid the COVID pandemic. 

Olympic officials clarified that the cardboard beds were provided because of their sustainability and sturdiness. The podiums are made of recycled plastic and the Olympic torch has aluminium that was recycled from the temporary housing used after Japan’s Fukushima disaster. The Games’ sustainability further plan set a target of reusing or recycling 65% of waste generated during the event, and organizers are also aiming to recycle or reuse 99% of goods procured for the games.

Analysts quote that the efforts of eco-friendly set up at the Olympics are exaggerated. The Olympics have increasingly been questioned over their lack of sustainability. For instance, in 2018, the Olympic Stadium for the Pyeongchang Olympics was made by spending $100 million which will have torn down after the Games.

CLAT MMS English 4th Jan 2025 - Master

Also learn: CLAT Previous Year Question Papers

A contract of indemnity basically involves one party promising the other party to make good its losses. These losses may arise either due to the conduct of the other party or that of somebody else. To indemnify something basically means to make good a loss. In other words, it means that one party will compensate the other in case it suffers some losses. Section 124 of the Indian Contract Act (Act) states: 124.―Contract of indemnity defined. —A contract by which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him by the contract of the promisor himself, or by the conduct of any other person, is called a ―contract of indemnity‖. An indemnity contract may be either express or implied. In other words, parties may expressly create such a contract as per their own terms. The nature of circumstances may also create indemnity obligations impliedly. Apart from indemnity contracts, the Act also governs contracts of guarantee. These contracts might appear similar to indemnity contracts but there are some differences. In guarantee contracts, one party contracts to perform a promise or discharge a liability of a third party. This will happen in case the third party fails to discharge its obligations and defaults. However, the burden of discharging the burden will first lie on the defaulting third party. The person who gives the guarantee is the surety. On the other hand, the person for whom the surety gives the guarantee is the principal debtor. Similarly, the person to whom he gives such a guarantee is the creditor. There are some important differences between the contracts of indemnity and guarantee. Firstly, there are just two parties in indemnity, while there are three in contracts of guarantee. Secondly, in a guarantee, there is an existing debt/duty which the surety guarantees to discharge. On the other hand, liability in indemnity is contingent and may not arise at all. Thirdly, an indemnifier might act without the debtor‘s behest, while a surety always waits for the principal debtor‘s request. Finally, the liability of an indemnifier towards the indemnity holder is primary. Whereas, in guarantee, the surety‘s liability is secondary. This is because the primary liability lies on the principal debtor himself.

CLAT MMS Legal Reasoning 4th Jan 2025

Logical Reasoning

India’s Deep Ocean Mission (DOM), a pioneering initiative approved by the Union Cabinet in 2021, represents a significant stride in oceanic exploration and utilization. With a budget of nearly Rs 4,077 crore over five years, the mission encompasses six key areas: development of deep-sea mining technologies and a manned submersible, ocean climate change advisory services, deep-sea biodiversity conservation, deep-ocean survey and exploration, energy and freshwater harnessing from the ocean, and establishing an advanced Marine Station for Ocean Biology.

The mission’s first pillar, spearheaded by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), focuses on developing indigenous technologies for deep-sea mining and a crewed submersible. The flagship project under this pillar is ‘Samudrayaan’, aiming to reach a depth of 6,000 meters in the central Indian Ocean with Matsya6000, a deep-ocean submersible designed to accommodate three crew members. Matsya6000, equipped with scientific sensors and tools, has an operational endurance of 12 hours, extendable to 96 hours in emergencies. The submersible’s design has been completed, and initial testing at 500 meters is planned, with full depth capability expected within two to three years.

The mission also involves an integrated system for mining polymetallic nodules from the ocean bed, including valuable minerals like copper, manganese, nickel, and cobalt. NIOT has conducted successful deep-sea locomotion trials using the underwater mining system ‘Varaha’ at a depth of 5,270 meters.

The choice of a 6,000-meter depth is strategic, aligning with India’s commitment to sustainable resource extraction. The allocated region in the central Indian Ocean contains polymetallic nodules and sulphides at depths of 3,000 to 5,500 meters. The mission’s challenges are manifold, including high-pressure conditions, soft and muddy ocean bed, power requirements for material extraction, and limited visibility.

Matsya6000, a titanium alloy-constructed submersible, is designed to withstand pressures of up to 6,000 bar. It features propellers for movement in all directions, three viewports, 12 cameras, 16 lights, and state-of-the-art navigation and positioning systems. This submersible places India on the global front of deep-ocean exploration, alongside countries like the U.S.A., Russia, China, France, and Japan.

The deep-ocean mining vehicle ‘Varaha’ operates using a flexible riser technique, allowing it to move around the ocean bed while the surface ship moves in tandem. It uses a high-power pressure pump system for extracting polymetallic nodules, which are then pumped to the surface ship.

India’s DOM, through its collaborative efforts involving various national institutes and academia, reflects the nation’s scientific zeal and commitment to advancing oceanic exploration and utilization. By 2025, significant progress is expected, marking India’s foray into a new era of deep-sea exploration and mining.

CLAT MMS Logical Reasoning 4th Jan 2025

Quantitative Techniques

On Friday, 1500 people visited an ice cream parlor, out of which certain numbers of people like one or more than one ice cream out of the three types of ice creams: Vanilla, Chocolate and Strawberry while rest people didn’t like any of the three ice creams. Number of people who like only Vanilla, only Chocolate and only Strawberry are in the ratio 14:11:13, respectively. Numbers of people who like only Vanilla are seven times the number of people who like all the three types of ice creams. Numbers of people who like both Vanilla and Chocolate ice creams but not Strawberry are 50% more than the number of people who like all the three types of ice creams. Number of people who like both Strawberry and Vanilla ice creams is 165 less than the number of people who like only Chocolate ice cream. Number of people who like both Strawberry and Chocolate ice creams, but not Vanilla ice cream are five more than the number of people who like both Strawberry and Vanilla ice creams, but not Chocolate ice cream. Numbers of people who didn’t like any of the three ice creams are 50% more than the number of people who like exactly two types of ice creams.

CLAT MMS Quantitative Reasoning 4th Jan 2025

General Knowledge

Legal history in India is one with a rich tapestry of cultures and complex society. As far as the law was concerned, its origin followed the advent of ancient texts such as the Manusmriti written around 200 BCE to 200 CE. It was in this book that the foundational Hindu law and social code were laid. He believed that people should follow the principles of dharma, which can be said to be moral law, defining the rights and duties. The Manusmriti had further sub-divided the laws into two groups: varna, or social class, and ashrama, or stage of life. This division remained strong throughout the centuries and continued to influence the legal system.

Indian jurisprudence came under Islamic law when the Mughal Empire emerged in the 16th century. The Mughals introduced the term “sharia” and the “darbar” system, whereby the emperor served as the supreme judicial power. During this time, codification took place in criminal justice and land revenue, bringing together Hindu and Islamic influences. Notable figures like Emperor Akbar encouraged syncretic legal structures and instilled religious tolerance as they established courts welcoming multireligious populations.

The British colonial period was a significant watershed in the Indian law calendar. The British legal principles started invading India with the establishment of the rule of the East India Company in the 18th century. It was during this time that the formal judicial system came into existence due to the Regulating Act of 1773 and subsequent laws. The formation of the Supreme Court in Calcutta in 1774 marked the effective dawn of modern law in India. The British further codified laws through the Indian Penal Code in 1860 and the Civil Procedure Code in 1908, both of which remain indispensable for India today. The mass struggle for freedom, feeding on this drive for justice in its own endeavor, not only created expectations of what Indian reformation should be but also nurtured an ethos of legal equity and social redress by such leaders as Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Constituent Assembly-A body established in 1946 to prepare the Indian Constitution; the Indian Constitution was implemented on January 26, 1950. The very constitution vested fundamental rights, equality before law, and the principle of justice in the premises of democracy.

Post-independence, India saw significant developments in its law-related field: enactment of various laws on social issues, like the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989. The independence of the judiciary has played a prime role in the enunciation of constitutional rights, interpretation of laws, and expansion of the scope of justice with landmark judgments. The journey of the legal history of India has been one of constant flux and has been made under the influences of social, political, and cultural compulsions reflecting the country’s quest for justice and equality.

CLAT MMS General Knowledge 4th Jan