CLAT Mini Mock Series by iQuanta: 7th January 2025

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Instructions: –

1. Attempt all the questions.
2. Once you have completed all the questions of a particular section click on the submit button for scores and explanations then move to the next sections.
3. For each correct answer, you receive 1 mark. For this mock, there is no negative marking.

English Language

The world reacted with sympathetic bemusement to an incident in the news recently, that a museum employee in Germany slyly hung up his own painting in a show featuring works by masters like Picasso and Andy Warhol. To the untrained eye, the image of a family of four walking, their faces roughly painted over in white fit right in with the confounding puzzle of contemporary art — that a lot of what passes off for greatness looks like it could have been drawn by my nine-year-old niece. Respectably and passably mysterious though the said technician-artist’s work was, he was fired, ironically enough, for subverting an exhibition called Glitch: On the Art of Interference.

The museum, dismissing the pitying narrative of a struggling artist desperate for a break propagated by a kinder-than-usual Internet, was forced to respond, amid widespread interest to view the employee’s art: “We did not receive any positive feedback on the addition from visitors to the gallery,” said a spokesperson, firmly.

Indeed, this employee’s behaviour was shockingly inappropriate; society would fall apart if everyone prioritised their own lofty ambitions over the jobs they’re hired to do. Yet, it’s hard not to admire such chutzpah. Inherently, we know there’s nothing wrong with ambition. Besides, this wannabe artist’s frustration was totally relatable because the art world is notoriously hard to infiltrate. Can one really fault anyone languishing unseen for attempting a harmless if slightly underhand way, for a shot at the limelight? The world we live in demands a certain degree of narcissistic self-promotion. Nowadays, even the artists who’ve made it devote time to networking and painstakingly thinking up innovative posts to boost their algorithmic attractiveness. The sad fact is anyone whose work delves into the human condition, a filmmaker, a writer, a musician or an artist, also needs shrewd business acumen or some other shameless, new age tactic up their sleeve, to succeed.

Alas, market forces have ensured the romantic ideal of the artist as an authentic dreamer, unconcerned with the business side of things, is a relic from the past. Take budding novelists, for instance. YouTube is full of cottagecore-esque videos of aspiring fiction writers detailing the minutiae of their day. Since on film, the act of writing comes across as singularly uninteresting, a running commentary of their random thoughts plays in the background, highlighting their solitary existence, while they shuffle around making tea or talking about famous books. Perhaps, the idea is to evoke nostalgia for the time when searching for originality for originality’s sake, was still considered a worthy aim. Currently, in public perception, the lack of money in writing has relegated it to a self-indulgent hobby, more than a career. Pertinently, these “shorts” on social media about artistic process reveal that its one’s value within the attention economy that decides success. It’s heartbreaking that instead of working on their craft, writers have to work harder on packaging themselves.

CLAT MMS English 7th Jan 2025 - Master

Also learn: CLAT Previous Year Question Papers

Consideration is a cornerstone of contract law, serving as the essential element that distinguishes enforceable agreements from non-binding promises. In essence, consideration refers to something of value that is exchanged between the parties involved in a contract. However, not all forms of consideration are deemed valid under the law, particularly when it involves existing legal or contractual obligations.

Legal obligations, for instance, cannot constitute valid consideration. This principle is based on the idea that performing an act or refraining from an act that one is already legally bound to do (or not do) does not provide any new value and therefore cannot support a new contract. For example, if a police officer promises to investigate a case in exchange for a reward, this promise lacks valid consideration because the officer is already legally obliged to perform such duties as part of their official responsibilities.

In contrast, existing contractual obligations can constitute valid consideration, but this is subject to certain conditions. A pre-existing duty under a contract can be valid consideration if it confers a material benefit to the party who did not originally contemplate this benefit at the time the contract was made. This scenario often arises in contract modifications where one party agrees to perform an additional duty or to do something extra beyond what was originally agreed upon. For instance, if a contractor is already obligated to complete a building project but agrees to add extra features not specified in the original contract, this additional work can be valid consideration for an increased payment because it provides additional value beyond the initial terms.

Furthermore, consideration in the context of existing contractual obligations can also be valid when it involves third-party contracts. In such cases, a party’s commitment to fulfill their obligations under a third-party contract can serve as valid consideration for a new contract. For example, if Party A is contractually obligated to supply goods to Party B, and Party C agrees to pay Party A to expedite the delivery of those goods to Party B, Party A’s obligation to Party B serves as valid consideration for the new agreement with Party C. This creates a beneficial framework where third-party contracts can facilitate new agreements, allowing the involved parties to derive additional benefits through mutual obligations.

The validity of consideration is fundamental in maintaining the integrity and enforceability of contracts. It ensures that there is a genuine exchange of value, which underpins the mutuality and reciprocity that are essential to binding agreements. Without valid consideration, a contract lacks the essential element of an enforceable bargain, rendering it a mere promise without legal backing. This principle safeguards against empty or illusory promises, ensuring that all parties in a contractual arrangement are genuinely committing to an exchange that benefits each party.

Moreover, the requirement for valid consideration helps in distinguishing between genuine contractual commitments and mere social or moral obligations, which typically do not have the force of law. This demarcation is crucial for the legal system to determine which agreements are worthy of judicial enforcement.

In summary, while legal obligations do not qualify as valid consideration, existing contractual obligations can serve as valid consideration under certain conditions, particularly when they confer an additional benefit or involve a third-party contract. This nuanced understanding of consideration helps to ensure that contracts are based on genuine exchanges of value, maintaining the robustness and reliability of contractual agreements in legal contexts.

CLAT MMS Legal Reasoning 7th Jan 2025

Logical Reasoning

At the second edition of “World Food India 2023,” held at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi, Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted the remarkable ascent of India’s food processing industry, now recognized as a “sunrise sector.” This event, inaugurated by Modi, marked a significant milestone, underscoring the country’s diverse culinary heritage as a lucrative opportunity for global investors.

Over the past nine years, the food processing sector in India has seen a substantial influx of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), amounting to approximately ₹50,000 crore. This surge is attributed to the government’s policies, which are both industry and farmer-friendly. Modi emphasized the need for industry stakeholders to innovate in reducing post-harvest losses and to adopt sustainable packaging methods.

The Prime Minister pointed out that the government’s investor-friendly policies have propelled the food sector to new heights. Notably, India’s food processing capacity has expanded dramatically, leading to a 150% increase in the export of processed foods. The sector’s capacity has escalated from a modest 12 lakh tonnes to an impressive 200 lakh tonnes. India now ranks seventh globally, with an export value exceeding 50,000 million USD in agricultural produce.

Modi also mentioned the significant investments made in post-crop harvest infrastructure projects under the central Agri Infra Fund scheme. He highlighted several government initiatives, including the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme and the establishment of mega food parks, which have significantly contributed to the development of the food processing sector.

The Prime Minister acknowledged the pivotal role of Indian women in strengthening the food processing industry, citing their inherent capabilities. He also advocated for the inclusion of millets in the public distribution system, drawing parallels between the global acceptance of Yoga and the potential international recognition of millets. The United Nations has declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets, aligning with India’s initiative to promote awareness of these grains.

During the event, Modi disbursed seed capital assistance to over one lakh self-help groups and inaugurated a “food street.” The “World Food India 2023” event, also attended by Union Minister Piyush Goyal, aims to position India as the world’s food basket and celebrate the International Year of Millets. The event, which was first held in 2017 but postponed due to the Covid-19 pandemic, saw participation from over 80 countries, 200 speakers, and 12 partner ministries, departments, and commodity boards. The event concluded on November 5 with the presence of President Droupadi Murmu.

CLAT MMS Logical Reasoning 7th Jan 2025

Quantitative Techniques

Directions: Read the following information and answer the questions that follow:

RBI Grade B phase II 2019 paper had three sections – ESI (Economic and social issues), FM (Finance & Management) and English with the maximum marks in each section being 100. Each section had questions with 1,2 and 3 marks. Each section had the same number of total questions and in each section the number of one-mark questions was one more than the number of two-mark questions which in turn was one more than the number of three-mark questions. The penalty for each wrong answer is also applicable for this exam which stands as 1/4th of the marks for that question.

CLAT MMS Quantitative Reasoning 7th Jan 2025

General Knowledge

Legal history in India is one with a rich tapestry of cultures and complex society. As far as the law was concerned, its origin followed the advent of ancient texts such as the Manusmriti written around 200 BCE to 200 CE. It was in this book that the foundational Hindu law and social code were laid. He believed that people should follow the principles of dharma, which can be said to be moral law, defining the rights and duties. The Manusmriti had further sub-divided the laws into two groups: varna, or social class, and ashrama, or stage of life. This division remained strong throughout the centuries and continued to influence the legal system.

Indian jurisprudence came under Islamic law when the Mughal Empire emerged in the 16th century. The Mughals introduced the term “sharia” and the “darbar” system, whereby the emperor served as the supreme judicial power. During this time, codification took place in criminal justice and land revenue, bringing together Hindu and Islamic influences. Notable figures like Emperor Akbar encouraged syncretic legal structures and instilled religious tolerance as they established courts welcoming multireligious populations.

The British colonial period was a significant watershed in the Indian law calendar. The British legal principles started invading India with the establishment of the rule of the East India Company in the 18th century. It was during this time that the formal judicial system came into existence due to the Regulating Act of 1773 and subsequent laws. The formation of the Supreme Court in Calcutta in 1774 marked the effective dawn of modern law in India. The British further codified laws through the Indian Penal Code in 1860 and the Civil Procedure Code in 1908, both of which remain indispensable for India today. The mass struggle for freedom, feeding on this drive for justice in its own endeavor, not only created expectations of what Indian reformation should be but also nurtured an ethos of legal equity and social redress by such leaders as Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. Constituent Assembly-A body established in 1946 to prepare the Indian Constitution; the Indian Constitution was implemented on January 26, 1950. The very constitution vested fundamental rights, equality before law, and the principle of justice in the premises of democracy.

Post-independence, India saw significant developments in its law-related field: enactment of various laws on social issues, like the Dowry Prohibition Act of 1961 and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989. The independence of the judiciary has played a prime role in the enunciation of constitutional rights, interpretation of laws, and expansion of the scope of justice with landmark judgments. The journey of the legal history of India has been one of constant flux and has been made under the influences of social, political, and cultural compulsions reflecting the country’s quest for justice and equality.

CLAT MMS General Knowledge 7th Jan